Iron & Manganese in Well Water: Stains, Taste & Treatment

Common Signs

Iron and manganese are among the most common well water complaints. Signs include: orange/red stains (iron), black/brown stains (manganese), metallic taste, discolored laundry, and staining of fixtures. While not health hazards at typical levels, they cause significant aesthetic and practical problems.

Types of Iron

Ferrous iron (clear water iron): Dissolved, water appears clear but turns orange when exposed to air. Ferric iron (red water iron): Already oxidized, water appears rusty. Iron bacteria: Slimy, reddish-brown deposits, often with a petroleum-like odor.

Treatment Options

For low levels (under 3 mg/L): water softeners can handle ferrous iron. For moderate levels (3-10 mg/L): oxidation + filtration (air injection, chlorination, or ozone). For high levels (10+ mg/L): chemical feed systems with settling tanks. For iron bacteria: shock chlorination followed by continuous treatment.

Manganese Treatment

Often treated alongside iron. Manganese is harder to remove and requires higher pH for effective oxidation. Greensand filters or birm filters are common solutions. Keep manganese below 0.05 mg/L for best results.